Social-ecological Systems

Social-ecological systems (SES) are complex systems that integrate human and natural environments. They are essential for managing natural resources, ecosystem services and human livelihoods. The economic, social, political, and environmental components of SES are intertwined and the interactions between them are complex. SES are the dynamic, constantly changing systems within which people experience and understand the environment, and act upon it. They provide an essential platform for the sustainable management of natural resources and the successful integration of economic, social, and environmental objectives. Sustainable SES are resilient and adaptive to changing conditions, enabling them to maintain their integrity over time. They are also capable of satisfying human needs and preserving the environment. The sustainable management of SES requires analysis of past, present and future trends, and consideration of a range of stakeholders and perspectives.