Open Access Pub publishes peer-reviewed, free-to-read open-access articles. Showing
articles matching Incidence Rates — open any to read the full text,
or download the PDF or XML.
Jun 2026 DOI 10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-26-6358
Hip fractures, which remain an immense public health concern, have been subject to study and prevention efforts for many decades, but with limited success in averting either incident, second or subsequent hip fractures, commonly attributed to a combination of age related proclivity to fall, low bone and muscle mass. This review examines second hip fracture incidence rates and determinants of this serious functionally debilitating injury as observed over time remains a current 2026 public health concern. It specifically explores if more preventive efforts are currently warranted in this regard, and in what respect, if indeed, more frail older adults are living longer, but may be in excessively poor health, fearful of moving or falling, malnourished, weak with poor balance, or depressed. Based on what is published, it is concluded 1) second hip fracture incidence rates remain considerable, especially among those who are frail with osteoporotic bone disease, poor vision, heart/or cognitive conditions, plus those with muscle deficits of the lower limb, live alone and have a falls history; 2) studies to identify possible mitigation approaches appear promising in this regard, along with more routine efforts to minimize falls risk and bone attrition.
Mar 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-21-3765
Acute post-operative delirium (POD) and long-term post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) are frequent and associated with increased mortality, dependency on care giving and institutionalization rates. The POCD-related cost burden on the German long-term care insurance provides an indication for the savings potential from risk-adapted treatment schemes. Comprehensive estimates have not been assessed or published so far. A model-based cost-analysis was designed to estimate POCD-related costs in the long-term care insurance. Comprehensive analysis of inpatient operations and procedures (OPS-codes) served as the base for case number calculations, which were then used as input to the actual cost model. POCD-incidence rates were obtained from the BioCog study. Various sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty of the model results. Total POCD related annual costs in the German long-term care insurance account for approximately 1.6 billion EUR according to the base case of our analysis. Total annual costs for all POCD cases depend on surgery numbers, incidence rates, other assumptions, and uncertain input parameters. The financial burden to the long-term care insurance is substantial, even in a conservative scenario of the cost model. Variability of results stems from uncertain assumptions, POCD-incidence rates and from uncertain patient numbers who are undergoing surgery and are therefore at risk to develop POCD.
Sep 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2372-6601.jhor-20-3544
In Mexico, breast cancer is the second most common site of cancer in women and in most developed and emerging countries. Incidence rates have increased in many countries, although in some, mortality has remained stable with a slight reduction. There are geographical differences with high rates of breast cancer in North America, Northern Europe and Oceania, and lower rates in Central and South America, South and East Europe; in addition to emerging countries in Africa and Asia. Genetic and hereditary factors constitute less than 5% of breast cancer cases and other risk factors for breast cancer are related to the reproductive life of the woman. This work was carried out in order to determine if the risk factors considered classic are really associated with breast cancer in our sample of Mexican women studied.
Mar 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2175.jdrt-20-3274
Pharmacodynamic modeling of sunscreens was performed using a new concept of Skin UV Index (SUI) on the exposed skin as a parameter to evaluate the potential effectiveness of sunscreens against sun damage. The SUI predicts the UV heat intensity on the skin surface in terms of the solar UV Index at the time of the study and is calculated by solar UV Index/sunscreen’s SPF. SUI numbers for sunscreen with SPF ranging from 2 to 100 under a solar UV Index of 10 was used for illustration. Based on guidelines from WHO, Australia and New Zealand, sunscreens yielding SUI < 3 are assumed to be effective against sun damage such as sunburn and melanoma. Based on the above assumption, sunscreens with SPF > 4 were found to be effective when sunscreens were evenly applied at 2 mg/cm2. Review of numerous studies suggests that missing applications may represent a major, seemingly unavoidable, SPF-independent factor causing unintended sunburns for sunbathers in the US and other countries with a temperate climate. This might in turn become a major factor for causing exponential increase in melanoma incidence rates observed in the last few decades. For example, in an SPF 30 sunscreen study all 25 participants suffered unintended sunburns after one week of sunbathing. Also, a mean missing application of 20% of the total exposed area and a mean missing of about 50% of the time were reported in two separate studies. Simulations were also performed with under-applications of 50% and 75%. The present simulations may provide a rationale of why routine use of a low SPF 8 sunscreen was reported to be effective against melanoma in a 2018 Australian study. Based on model simulations it is proposed that in the US, SPF 8 sunscreen and SPF 2 to 6 sunscreen may be adequate for routine, unintentional use for sun-sensitive populations and non-sun-sensitive populations, respectively.
Jan 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4496.jtc-18-2473
This study aimed to investigate the trend of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy and those undergoing fine needle aspiration (FNA) and its relationship with thyroid cancer, using a large-scale, real-world database established based on the employment-based health insurance claims data in Japan. In this retrospective descriptive study, annual incidence rates of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy and FNA from 2005 to 2014 were calculated. Among the 3,130,757 enrollees, 926 patients were diagnosed with thyroid cancer and underwent thyroidectomies. The annual incidence of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy increased from 5.4 (95% confidence interval 95% CI, 3.4–8.5) in 2005 to 11.7 (10.1–13.5) per 100,000 patient-years in 2013, with a gradual increase among patients in their 20s and 30s and with the most notable increase among those in their 40s and 50s. The annual FNA rate also increased during those years, whereas no noticeable change was observed in the thyroid cancer detection rate. The incidence rates of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy and those undergoing FNA were strongly correlated, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients of 0.935 for men and 0.886 for women. In conclusion, an increasing trend in the incidence of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy was observed from 2005 to 2013 among a large group of Japanese employees of working age and their dependents. These results provide useful information on the impact of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing thyroidectomy on the working population.
Oct 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2470-5020.jnrt-16-1240
Background: Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) are characterized as pathologicalbehavioral patterns of excess impulsivity which may result as part of the non-motor complications of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These significantly affect the patient’s overall quality of life and have impact on their care givers, as well. Currently, the prevalence of ICDs among adult Filipino patients with Parkinson’s disease is unknown and less reported. Objectives: The study is intended to determine the prevalence of ICDs and its severityamong adult Filipino patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease seen at Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center. Specifically, this study will identify risk factors and the clinical correlates to these patients. Methods: Adult Filipino patients diagnosed withidiopathic Parkinson’s diseasewhowere seen at the outpatient department from March 2015 – September 2015 are screened for the study. The Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging was utilized to determine the stage of PD. With approval from the author, the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) was used for detecting the presence of ICDs and corresponding severity. Results: We were able to examine 66 patients (31 males and 35 females) withidiopathic Parkinson disease. Majority of the patients manifested with Tremor Dominant (50%) subtype, followed by Early Disease Onset (34.8%), and Non-Tremor Dominant (15.2%). Sixteen (16) out of 66 patients (24.2%) have ICD symptoms with the following incidence rates: hobbyism/ punding 56.25%, compulsive eating 50%, hypersexuality 18.75%, compulsive shopping 18.75, Dopamine dysregulation syndrome 18.75%, and gambling 12.5%. Overall average QUIP-RS score is 5.42. There is significant association of PD duration with occurrence of ICD symptoms; the longer the PD duration, the higher risk of having ICD symptoms (x2 20.41; p = 0.026). Patients with higher mean modified Hoehn and Yahr stage (2.66±0.94), t 2.735, df 64, p 0.008, have much higher incidence of ICD symptoms. Conclusion: Filipino patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease who are majority onlevodopa + carbidopa therapy may develop impluse control disorders (ICDs). Other contributory factors in development of ICDs include longer duration of PD and higher mean Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage.