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Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2997-2108.jcc-25-5518
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally, with 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths in 2022. The burden is disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Despite proven interventions like HPV vaccination and screening, uptake remains low. While cervical cancer screening has been studied in the general population, little is known about uptake among refugee women in Uganda, which hosts approximately 1.7 million refugees. This study examines cervical cancer screening uptake and associated factors among refugee women in Uganda. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the 2021 Uganda Refugee Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (RUPHIA) survey, focusing on women aged 21–49 in refugee settlements in the West Nile and South-Western regions, which host 90% of Uganda’s refugee population. The primary outcome was self-reported cervical cancer screening status. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to identify factors associated with screening uptake. Results Among 731 women, only 72 (9.8%) reported undergoing cervical cancer screening. The mean age of screened women was 37 years (±7), compared to 32 years (±8) for unscreened women. Screening uptake was significantly higher among women aged 31–39 years (AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.32–5.52, p = 0.007), married women (AOR = 12.0, 95% CI: 1.76–163, p = 0.03), and those in polygamous relationships (AOR = 4.76, 95% CI: 1.96–11.1, p < 0.001) Conclusion Cervical cancer screening uptake among refugee women in Uganda is critically low. Integrating culturally sensitive screening programs into refugee health services and addressing socio-economic barriers could improve access and utilization.
Jan 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-23-4856
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem worldwide, as it is the third most common disease and the second leading cause of cancer-related fatalities. In recent years, Oman, like many other countries, has seen an epidemiological shift from communicable diseases to noncommunicable diseases, including colorectal cancer, necessitating comprehensive planning to address the root cause of the problem as well as a comprehensive screening program to detect diseases at an early stage and thus improve health outcomes. Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent cancer in Oman, with the highest mortality rate, inflicting considerable public health and economic consequences; nevertheless, there is no population-based CRC screening programme in place to minimise the disease's incidence, mortality, and severe health outcomes. This review highlights the epidemiology of colorectal cancer in Oman, the Wilson and Junger criteria, operational readiness, and recommendations for implementing a population-based colorectal cancer screening program.
Nov 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2997-2108.jcc-21-3975
Background Eighty five percent of cervical cancer occurrence in resource-poor countries. Contributing factors for these are inadequate knowledge about the disease, early initiation of sexual intercourse and multiple sexual partners. Early screening is an intervention in reduction of maternal deaths due to cervical cancer. Consequently this study was conducted aiming to find out about the practice of cervical cancer screening and its associated factors. Methods A facility based cross sectional study was conducted using a pretested structured questionnaire among women attended Maternal and Child Health (MCH) department of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH) from March15 to April 15, 2019. The study participants were selected systematically. The collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine factors association with cervical cancer screening that was confirmed using AOR with its 95% CI. Results A total of 400 study participants were included with a response rate of 99.5%. Of the total study participants only 78 (19.5%; 95% CI: 15.6, 23.4) practiced screening for cervical cancer. The cervical cancer screening practice was affected by age (AOR=2.025; 95% CI: 1.118, 3.668). Of those women who had ever heard of about cervical cancer were seven fold more likely to practice cervical screening (AOR=6.924; 95% CI: 1.602, 29.928) compared to those who did not have any information before. Moreover, knowing genital tract discharge as a problem of female organ implement fourfold more likely compared to that of knowing nothing about problem of genital tract (AOR=3.766; 95% CI: 1.761,8.055). Conclusion and Recommendation The study depicted there was low utilization of cervical cancer screening. Awareness creation about cervical cancer and knowledge of genital tract problems had positive influence for screening practice.
Nov 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2997-1969.ijhs-20-3580
Introduction This study assessed the awareness of cervical cancer screening test among women in the rural area of Imo State. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the cause of death in women. The need to ascertain the level of awareness of cervical cancer screening test and the level of uptake among rural women motivated this study. Materials and Methods The study design was cross sectional descriptive survey. The sample for the study, which was statistically determined by Taro Yamane formula was 420. Administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution tables. Results The result showed that 270(64.3%) of the respondents were aware of cervical cancer screening test and only 135(32.1%) used cervical cancer screening test . Majority of the respondents, 400(95.2%) have never taken vaccination for human papilloma virus . The main place where 234(55.7%) of the respondents learnt about cervical cancer screening was the hospital. A good number of the respondents 225(53.6%), had low uptake services because of the views that cervical cancer screening is mainly for the elderly women, and also 140(33.3%) felt that the investigation process is painful. Conclusion Therefore, adequate and substantial measures should be taken to health educate women on benefits of cervical cancer screening tests.
Jul 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2997-2108.jcc-19-2889
Background This study aim to assess the factors affecting uptake of cervical cancer screening programmes among female staff of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan in 2014. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 375 participants selected using a stratified random sampling technique with proportional allocation to population size and interviewed using a pre-tested self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Information on their basic knowledge on cervical cancer were scored to determine good knowledge. Patients’ attitudes toward cervical cancer screening as well as factors affecting uptake were also assessed. Data analysis was done in 2014 using descriptive statistics while screening uptake predictors were determined using logistic regression at p ≤0.05. Results Completed questionnaires were returned by 360 respondents; 13.3% were clinical while 86.7% were non-clinical staff of age range 20 to 58 years (38.2±0.42 years). Majority of the respondents, (95.5%), had heard about cervical cancer with 61.9% having “good knowledge”, but only few (34.2%) had been screened. Averagely, 47.5% displayed positive attitude to cervical cancer screening with Pap smear being the most reported screening procedure. The common barriers to screening uptaking include indecision, inadequate information and feeling of good health. Others were staff hostility, lack of privacy, and cost. Using logistic Regression at p ≤0.05, females with negative attitude and those with children were less likely to uptake cervical cancer screening services. Conclusion The knowledge-uptake gaps of cervical cancer screenings were high as revealed in this study. Therefore, there is a need to further educate eligible women on uptake of cervical cancer screening.
Aug 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-7061.jcrc-17-1624
Background Despite the existence of the statutory early cancer detection program in Germany and the removal of financial barriers, which is frequently reported in the literature to be the main obstacle in screening, uptake of colorectal cancer screening remains quite low. The campaign for colorectal cancer screening in German companies reported in this article started in 2010. It was initiated because of the low compliance with opportunistic public colorectal cancer screening efforts. Its goal is to improve participation by offering an organized screening program using a simple test (FIT). Methods An offer for company employees is publicized through posters, company newsletters and the intranet. The difference between the positivity rates of those who returned the kits within 20 days and later than 20 days was assessed using the Z-test. The average time between a positive result and colonoscopy was estimated using the Poincaré plot method. The positive predictive values were calculated for carcinomas, advanced adenomas or any lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of immoCare-C published by Vogel et al. and Hundt et al. were used to derive the confidence intervals for the positive likelihood ratio (for carcinoma and any kind of adenoma). Results A total of 312,147 kits were returned and analyzed (return rate 70.2%). 5.6% gave a positive result. The PPV for cancer aged between 55 and 74 was 4.6% for men and women (95% CI: 2.38%-6.76% and 1.28%-7.99%, respectively), but 22% for men (95% CI: 17.93%-26.65%) and 8% for women (95%CI: 3.63%-12.26%) for advanced adenomas. The PPV for any lesion was higher for those with familial risk (49.3%) and 42.6% for those without familial risk (95% CI: 40.2%-45.0%), but with overlapping confidence intervals. Conclusions The reported sample is not representative. Although, offering CRC screening in companies may be an effective way of increasing uptake in the target population. Differences in the test performance between men and women need further evaluation.
Mar 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2474-3585.jpmc-20-3557
Background Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting women globally. It has shown increasing morbidity and mortality rates over the past years. Several screening methods ranging from simple breast self-examination to a highly sensitive test procedures for early detection and treatment are available, but uptake is a challenge. Lack of a national screening programme in the country makes available regional screening programme unsuccessful. This study aims to assess the factors affecting the uptake of breast cancer screening programme among female staff in a tertiary hospital, Southwest Nigeria. Method This descriptive cross-sectional study involves 375 participants selected by a stratified random sampling technique, with proportional allocation to population size and the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents were questioned on their basic knowledge of breast cancer symptoms, risk factors and treatment, over a score of 50 and above, were set as the cut-off mark to determine good knowledge of breast cancer. Patients attitudes towards breast cancer screening as well as factors affecting uptake were also measured. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS-20 while the predictors of the uptake of screening were determined using logistic regression at p ≤ 0.05. Results There were 360 respondents, comprising of 13.3% clinical and 86.7% non-clinical female staff within the age bracket of 20 to 58 years (38.2±0.42 years). Out of the respondents, 97.8% have heard about breast cancer but only 52.3% had been screened while 65.5% had “Good knowledge” of breast cancer. Positive attitude to breast cancer screening was displayed in 52.5% while over 90% claimed to be practicing breast self-examination. Only 36.1% of respondents above 40 years old have had mammography done. Most frequent barriers to screening uptake include cost, poor accessibility to screening facilities, shyness (unfamiliar screener), unavailability of female doctors, careless attitude, fear of cancer and other more pressing family problems. Using logistic Regression at p ≤ 0.05, females with a negative attitude, young unmarried (less than 30years) and lack of easy accessibility to screening facilities were significant factors affecting uptake of breast cancer screening services. Conclusion Due to knowledge-uptake gap of breast cancer screening revealed in this study. It is therefore obvious from these findings that a concerted effort is needed to actively remove these barriers by repeated education, training and re-training strategies among health workers and to improve their uptake and level of advocacy and campaign for breast cancer screening among their patients and clients.
Oct 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-20-3418
Isolation methods that employ readily-available inexpensive supplies on the open market, which are reliable, as well as economical, such as nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT) based on microfluidic technology in low-resource research settings (LRRS) that meets the ASSURED guidelines are essential to develop a noninvasive diagnostic colon cancer screen in stool using micro(mi)RNA molecules. A combination of a microfluidic-based MiRNA stool test with a reliable rolling circle amplification/detection method applied to the quantification of miRNA molecules, result in an affordable sensitive and specific isothermal method for the noninvasive quantitative detection of miRNAs in LRRS. Scientists and engineers have become interested in miRNAs, and they have intensified their efforts to apply emerging simple detection tools to the important bioanalytical challenge of quantifying these small 18-26 nt long molecules. Some of the proposed approaches incorporate novel material, such as simple centrifuges and methods based on microfluidic technology, while others utilize the interesting biological properties of these molecules, such as forming branched RCA structures, allowing for the detection of these biomarker molecules at an attomolar "aM" concentration level, using low cost extraction and isothermal amplification methods in LRRS. We have been interested in studying colorectal cancer (CRC) because it is the 3rd most common malignancy worldwide, and stool can be obtained noninvasively from the patients. We have focused in this research on colon cancer (CC) because it is more common in the USA than rectal cancer (RC). The innovation of our approach lies in the exploratory use of an affordable, quantitative miRNA profiling in noninvasive stool samples in LRRS, whose extracted fragile total RNA is stabilized shortly after excretion from stool by commercially available kits, so it does not ever fragment, followed by quantitative standardized analytical tests that are neither labor intensive, nor require expensive instrumentation, in order to develop apanel of novel miRNA genes for the noninvasive diagnostic screening of early left and right sporadic colon cancers, more economically, and with higher sensitivity and specificity than any other colon cancer screening test currently available on the market. To show the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the proposed quantitative miRNA test using simple methodologies in LRRS,the miRNA results are to be correlated with FOBT, colonoscopy, and pathology data. Standardization establishes test’s performance criteria (sample selection, optimal sample running conditions, preservation and storage), in order to ensure that the assay will perform the same way in any laboratory, by any trained personnel, anywhere in low-resource laboratory settings worldwide.
Jun 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-3123
Isolation methods that employ readily-available inexpensive supplies on the open market, which are reliable, as well as economical, such as nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT) based on microfluidic technology in low-resource research settings (LRRS) that meets the ASSURED guidelines are essential to develop a noninvasive diagnostic colon cancer screen in stool using micro(mi)RNA molecules. A combination of a microfluidic-based MiRNA stool test with a reliable rolling circle amplification/detection method applied to the quantification of miRNA molecules, result in an affordable sensitive and specific isothermal method for the noninvasive quantitative detection of miRNAs in LRRS. Scientists and engineers have become interested in miRNAs, and they have intensified their efforts to apply emerging simple detection tools to the important bioanalytical challenge of quantifying these small 18-26 nt long molecules. Some of the proposed approaches incorporate novel material, such as simple centrifuges and methods based on microfluidic technology, while others utilize the interesting biological properties of these molecules, such as forming branched RCA structures, allowing for the detection of these biomarker molecules at an attomolar "aM" concentration level, using low cost extraction and isothermal amplification methods in LRRS. We have been interested in studying colorectal cancer (CRC) because it is the 3rd most common malignancy worldwide, and stool can be obtained noninvasively from the patients. We have focused in this research on colon cancer (CC) because it is more common in the USA than rectal cancer (RC). The innovation of our approach lies in the exploratory use of an affordable, quantitative miRNA profiling in noninvasive stool samples in LRRS, whose extracted fragile total RNA is stabilized shortly after excretion from stool by commercially available kits, so it does not ever fragment, followed by quantitative standardized analytical tests that are neither labor intensive, nor require expensive instrumentation, in order to develop apanel of novel miRNA genes for the noninvasive diagnostic screening of early left and right sporadic colon cancers, more economically, and with higher sensitivity and specificity than any other colon cancer screening test currently available on the market. To show the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the proposed quantitative miRNA test using simple methodologies in LRRS,the miRNA results are to be correlated with FOBT, colonoscopy, and pathology data. Standardization establishes test’s performance criteria (sample selection, optimal sample running conditions, preservation and storage), in order to ensure that the assay will perform the same way in any laboratory, by any trained personnel, anywhere in low-resource laboratory settings worldwide.